Which process allows the Supreme Court to apply the Bill of Rights to the states?

The process that allows the Supreme Court to apply the Bill of Rights to the states is known as incorporation. This concept stems from the Fourteenth Amendment, particularly its Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses, which serve to extend the protections granted in the Bill of Rights to restrict state government actions, as well as federal actions.

Incorporation occurs through the Supreme Court's interpretation and rulings, where specific rights outlined in the Bill of Rights have been deemed fundamental to the concept of ordered liberty, thus applicable to state laws and actions. Over the years, the Court has used this doctrine to gradually apply many of the freedoms and protections found in the Bill of Rights—such as freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and protection against unreasonable searches and seizures—against the states.

The other options do not correctly pertain to the application of the Bill of Rights to states. Judicial review refers to the power of the courts to assess whether a law is in compliance with the constitution, but it doesn't specifically address the incorporation process. Executive orders are directives issued by the president and do not relate to the interpretation of the Constitution in the context of protections against state actions. Legislative actions involve laws passed by Congress or state legislatures, which also do not pertain